Technology history for mp.gov.in
Stack size over time
From 5 detected technologies in Apr 2018 to 175 in Jun 2026 (peak 177).
Currently detected
- Apache HTTP Server since Apr 2018
- jQuery since Apr 2018
- YUI since Apr 2018
- Liferay since Apr 2018
- Java since Apr 2018
- Google Analytics since Jun 2018
- Bootstrap since Jun 2018
- AlloyUI since Jun 2018
- Dojo since Aug 2018
- DataTables since Aug 2018
- Facebook since Aug 2018
- FancyBox since Aug 2018
- FlexSlider since Aug 2018
- FrontPage since Aug 2018
- mod_perl since Aug 2018
- MySQL since Aug 2018
- Lightbox since Aug 2018
- AngularJS since Aug 2018
- jQuery Sparklines since Aug 2018
- amCharts since Aug 2018
- Animate.css since Aug 2018
- CentOS since Aug 2018
- Chart.js since Aug 2018
- Hammer.js since Aug 2018
- Handlebars since Aug 2018
- jQuery Migrate since Aug 2018
- YouTube since Aug 2018
- Moment.js since Aug 2018
- Windows Server since Aug 2018
- PHP since Aug 2018
- Red Hat since Aug 2018
- Twitter Emoji (Twemoji) since Aug 2018
- WordPress since Aug 2018
- Twitter typeahead.js since Aug 2018
- Twitter since Aug 2018
- Microsoft ASP.NET since Aug 2018
- Modernizr since Aug 2018
- ZURB Foundation since Aug 2018
- Font Awesome since Aug 2018
- Drupal since Aug 2018
- Google Font API since Aug 2018
- IIS since Aug 2018
- OWL Carousel since Aug 2018
- jQuery UI since Aug 2018
- OpenSSL since Aug 2018
- Perl since Aug 2018
- UNIX since Aug 2018
- Nginx since Sep 2018
- Google Tag Manager since Sep 2018
- Prism since Sep 2018
- Leaflet since Oct 2018
- DNN since Dec 2018
- Slick since Jan 2019
- SyntaxHighlighter since Jan 2019
- XRegExp since Jan 2019
- Joomla since Apr 2019
- MooTools since Apr 2019
- Select2 since Apr 2019
- Google Plus since Apr 2019
- WordPress Super Cache since Jun 2019
- mod_wsgi since Jun 2019
- Python since Jun 2019
- Lodash since Aug 2019
- particles.js since Sep 2019
- CKEditor since Feb 2020
- Ionicons since Feb 2020
- UIKit since Feb 2020
- SweetAlert since Mar 2020
- Cufon since Mar 2020
- Highcharts since Jun 2020
- jsDelivr since Jul 2020
- IBM HTTP Server since Jul 2020
- DreamWeaver since Aug 2020
- RequireJS since Sep 2020
- reCAPTCHA since Sep 2020
- Apache Tomcat since Oct 2020
- Angular since Oct 2020
- Webpack since Oct 2020
- PDF.js since Oct 2020
- Zone.js since Oct 2020
- prettyPhoto since Dec 2020
- SweetAlert2 since Dec 2020
- Slider Revolution since Dec 2020
- GSAP since Jan 2021
- Snap.svg since Jan 2021
- Choices since Feb 2021
- Google Maps since Mar 2021
- Glyphicons since Mar 2021
- Facebook Login since Jun 2021
- Helix Ultimate since Jun 2021
- Isotope since Jun 2021
- Twitter Ads since Jun 2021
- wpBakery since Jun 2021
- Sovrn//Commerce since Jun 2021
- TypeScript since Jun 2021
- Livefyre since Jul 2021
- 33Across since Jul 2021
- AOS since Jul 2021
- WooCommerce since Jul 2021
- Google Remarketing Tag since Jul 2021
- CodeIgniter since Aug 2021
- Laravel since Sep 2021
- Wheelio since Sep 2021
- Zimbra since Sep 2021
- core-js since Sep 2021
- Azure since Oct 2021
- Cart Functionality since Oct 2021
- cdnjs since Oct 2021
- Yoast SEO since Oct 2021
- Cloudflare since Dec 2021
- Cloudflare Bot Management since Dec 2021
- Elementor since Jan 2022
- DTScout since Feb 2022
- Contact Form 7 since Feb 2022
- AccuWeather since Feb 2022
- anime.js since Feb 2022
- Histats since Feb 2022
- WhatsApp Business Chat since Feb 2022
- Microsoft Ajax Content Delivery Network since Feb 2022
- Twenty Sixteen since Feb 2022
- ShareThis since Feb 2022
- jQuery CDN since Feb 2022
- Oracle Application Server since Feb 2022
- Google Hosted Libraries since Feb 2022
- crypto-js since Apr 2022
- Adobe Audience Manager since Apr 2022
- Tailwind CSS since Apr 2022
- VideoJS since Apr 2022
- Popper since Apr 2022
- ArcGIS API for JavaScript since May 2022
- toastr since May 2022
- metisMenu since Jul 2022
- Google Workspace since Aug 2022
- Adobe Experience Manager since Aug 2022
- Microsoft 365 since Aug 2022
- PWA since Aug 2022
- Unpkg since Aug 2022
- Polyfill since Aug 2022
- Amazon S3 since Sep 2022
- Amazon Web Services since Sep 2022
- Bootstrap Icons since Sep 2022
- HSTS since Sep 2022
- Swiper since Sep 2022
- Sovrn since Sep 2022
- Open Graph since Sep 2022
- Tiny Slider since Oct 2022
- Polylang since Oct 2022
- Oracle Application Express since Nov 2022
- RSS since Dec 2022
- FullCalendar since Dec 2022
- React since Jan 2023
- styled-components since Jan 2023
- Master Slider since Feb 2023
- C since Feb 2023
- Snowplow Analytics since Jul 2023
- Amazon ALB since Aug 2023
- WPML since Aug 2023
- Emotion since Feb 2024
- Angular Material since Feb 2024
- Next.js since Feb 2024
- Node.js since Feb 2024
- Nicepage since May 2024
- lit-element since Jun 2024
- lit-html since Jun 2024
- Ubuntu since Aug 2024
- Redux Framework since Sep 2024
- ThemeIsle Menu Icons since Sep 2024
- WordPress Block Editor since Sep 2024
- Site Kit since Nov 2024
- ERPNext since May 2025
- MariaDB since May 2025
- Frappe since May 2025
- LazySizes since Sep 2025
- Express since Feb 2026
- React Router since Feb 2026
Previously used
- AMP Dec 2025 to Dec 2025 · 1 mo
- Cloudinary Dec 2025 to Dec 2025 · 1 mo
- Priority Hints Dec 2025 to Dec 2025 · 1 mo
- Cookie Information Feb 2022 to Sep 2025 · 3 yrs
- Cookie Information plugin Feb 2022 to Sep 2025 · 3 yrs
- MediaElement.js Dec 2020 to Sep 2025 · 4 yrs
- The Events Calendar Feb 2022 to Sep 2025 · 3 yrs
- Oracle HTTP Server Feb 2022 to Aug 2025 · 3 yrs
- Akamai Nov 2023 to Mar 2025 · 1 yr
- Akamai Web Application Protector Nov 2023 to Mar 2025 · 1 yr
- Akamai Bot Manager Jan 2024 to Jan 2024 · 1 mo
- Bunny Oct 2023 to Nov 2023 · 1 mo
- Bunny Fonts Oct 2023 to Nov 2023 · 1 mo
- WebFactory Under Construction Oct 2023 to Nov 2023 · 1 mo
- osTicket Sep 2021 to Dec 2022 · 1 yr
- Google Ads Conversion Tracking Aug 2022 to Oct 2022 · 2 mo
- Swiper Slider Sep 2021 to Aug 2022 · 11 mo
- Raphael Feb 2022 to Apr 2022 · 2 mo
- Statcounter Aug 2018 to Apr 2022 · 3 yrs
- Magento Aug 2018 to Jan 2022 · 3 yrs
- Duda Jul 2021 to Jul 2021 · 1 mo
- MyWebsite Jul 2021 to Jul 2021 · 1 mo
- VigLink Apr 2021 to May 2021 · 1 mo
- Java Servlet Dec 2018 to Aug 2020 · 1 yr
- JavaServer Pages Aug 2018 to Aug 2020 · 2 yrs
- Microsoft Word Oct 2019 to Aug 2020 · 10 mo
- SWFObject Jul 2020 to Aug 2020 · 1 mo
- Lua Jan 2020 to Jan 2020 · 1 mo
- OpenResty Jan 2020 to Jan 2020 · 1 mo
- GlassFish Aug 2018 to Jun 2019 · 10 mo
Timeline
2026 3 dropped
- dropped AMP Feb 2026 · JavaScript frameworks
- dropped Cloudinary Feb 2026 · CDN
- dropped Priority Hints Feb 2026 · Performance
2025 7 added · 7 dropped
- added AMP Dec 2025 · JavaScript frameworks
- added Cloudinary Dec 2025 · CDN
- added Priority Hints Dec 2025 · Performance
- dropped Cookie Information Nov 2025 · Cookie compliance
- dropped Cookie Information plugin Nov 2025 · WordPress plugins
- dropped MediaElement.js Nov 2025 · Video players
- dropped The Events Calendar Nov 2025 · WordPress plugins
- dropped Oracle HTTP Server Oct 2025 · Web servers
- dropped Akamai May 2025 · CDN
- dropped Akamai Web Application Protector May 2025 · Security
- added ERPNext May 2025 · CMS
- added Frappe May 2025 · Web frameworks
- added MariaDB May 2025 · Databases
- added styled-components Feb 2025 · JavaScript frameworks
2024 20 added · 15 dropped
- added Akamai Dec 2024 · CDN
- added Akamai Web Application Protector Dec 2024 · Security
- added Oracle HTTP Server Nov 2024 · Web servers
- added Site Kit Nov 2024 · WordPress plugins
- dropped Oracle HTTP Server Aug 2024 · Web servers
- added Ubuntu Aug 2024 · Operating systems
- dropped Akamai Jul 2024 · CDN
- dropped Akamai Web Application Protector Jul 2024 · Security
- added ArcGIS API for JavaScript Jul 2024 · Maps
- added lit-element Jun 2024 · JavaScript libraries
- added lit-html Jun 2024 · JavaScript libraries
- dropped Unpkg Jun 2024 · CDN
- added Akamai May 2024 · CDN
- added Akamai Web Application Protector May 2024 · Security
- dropped ArcGIS API for JavaScript May 2024 · Maps
- added Cookie Information May 2024 · Cookie compliance
- added Cookie Information plugin May 2024 · WordPress plugins
- added MediaElement.js May 2024 · Video players
- added The Events Calendar May 2024 · WordPress plugins
- dropped Akamai Apr 2024 · CDN
- dropped Akamai Web Application Protector Apr 2024 · Security
- dropped Cookie Information Apr 2024 · Cookie compliance
- dropped Cookie Information plugin Apr 2024 · WordPress plugins
- dropped MediaElement.js Apr 2024 · Video players
- dropped The Events Calendar Apr 2024 · WordPress plugins
- dropped Akamai Bot Manager Mar 2024 · Security
- added Akamai Web Application Protector Feb 2024 · Security
- added Emotion Feb 2024 · JavaScript frameworks
- added Next.js Feb 2024 · JavaScript frameworks
- added Node.js Feb 2024 · Programming languages
- added React Feb 2024 · JavaScript frameworks
- added Akamai Bot Manager Jan 2024 · Security
- dropped Akamai Web Application Protector Jan 2024 · Security
- dropped Bunny Fonts Jan 2024 · Font scripts
- dropped WebFactory Under Construction Jan 2024 · WordPress plugins
2023 26 added · 9 dropped · 1 switched
- added Cookie Information Dec 2023 · Cookie compliance
- added Cookie Information plugin Dec 2023 · WordPress plugins
- added MediaElement.js Dec 2023 · Video players
- added The Events Calendar Dec 2023 · WordPress plugins
- switched Bunny Akamai Nov 2023 · CDN
- added Akamai Web Application Protector Nov 2023 · Security
- dropped Cookie Information Nov 2023 · Cookie compliance
- dropped Cookie Information plugin Nov 2023 · WordPress plugins
- dropped MediaElement.js Nov 2023 · Video players
- dropped The Events Calendar Nov 2023 · WordPress plugins
- added Bunny Oct 2023 · CDN
- added Bunny Fonts Oct 2023 · Font scripts
- added WebFactory Under Construction Oct 2023 · WordPress plugins
- added Amazon ALB Aug 2023 · Load balancers
- added ArcGIS API for JavaScript Aug 2023 · Maps
- dropped ArcGIS API for JavaScript Jun 2023 · Maps
- added Cookie Information May 2023 · Cookie compliance
- added Cookie Information plugin May 2023 · WordPress plugins
- added Google Workspace May 2023 · Webmail
- added MediaElement.js May 2023 · Video players
- added mod_wsgi May 2023 · Web server extensions
- added Oracle Application Express May 2023 · Page builders
- added Oracle Application Server May 2023 · Web servers
- added Oracle HTTP Server May 2023 · Web servers
- added Python May 2023 · Programming languages
- added Snap.svg May 2023 · JavaScript libraries
- added The Events Calendar May 2023 · WordPress plugins
- added Zimbra May 2023 · Webmail
- dropped React Mar 2023 · JavaScript frameworks
- dropped styled-components Mar 2023 · JavaScript frameworks
- dropped Tailwind CSS Mar 2023 · UI frameworks
- added C Feb 2023 · Programming languages
- added Master Slider Feb 2023 · Photo galleries
- dropped osTicket Feb 2023 · Issue trackers
- added React Jan 2023 · JavaScript frameworks
- added styled-components Jan 2023 · JavaScript frameworks
2022 90 added · 8 dropped
- added FullCalendar Dec 2022 · Widgets
- dropped Google Ads Conversion Tracking Dec 2022 · Analytics
- added RSS Dec 2022 · Miscellaneous
- dropped Swiper Slider Dec 2022 · Miscellaneous
- added Tiny Slider Oct 2022 · JavaScript libraries
- added Amazon S3 Sep 2022 · CDN
- added Amazon Web Services Sep 2022 · PaaS
- added Bootstrap Icons Sep 2022 · Font scripts
- added HSTS Sep 2022 · Security
- added Open Graph Sep 2022 · Miscellaneous
- added Sovrn Sep 2022 · Advertising
- added Swiper Sep 2022 · JavaScript libraries
- added 33Across Aug 2022 · Advertising
- added AccuWeather Aug 2022 · Widgets
- added Adobe Audience Manager Aug 2022 · Segmentation
- added amCharts Aug 2022 · JavaScript graphics
- added anime.js Aug 2022 · JavaScript graphics
- added AOS Aug 2022 · JavaScript libraries
- added ArcGIS API for JavaScript Aug 2022 · Maps
- added Azure Aug 2022 · PaaS
- added Chart.js Aug 2022 · JavaScript graphics
- added CKEditor Aug 2022 · Rich text editors
- added Cloudflare Bot Management Aug 2022 · Security
- added Cookie Information Aug 2022 · Cookie compliance
- added Cookie Information plugin Aug 2022 · WordPress plugins
- added crypto-js Aug 2022 · JavaScript libraries
- added Cufon Aug 2022 · Font scripts
- added DNN Aug 2022 · CMS
- added Dojo Aug 2022 · JavaScript libraries
- added DTScout Aug 2022 · Advertising
- added Elementor Aug 2022 · Page builders
- added Facebook Login Aug 2022 · Authentication
- added Glyphicons Aug 2022 · Font scripts
- added Google Maps Aug 2022 · Maps
- added Google Workspace Aug 2022 · Webmail
- added GSAP Aug 2022 · JavaScript frameworks
- added Helix Ultimate Aug 2022 · Web frameworks
- added Histats Aug 2022 · Analytics
- added IBM HTTP Server Aug 2022 · Web servers
- added Joomla Aug 2022 · CMS
- added jsDelivr Aug 2022 · CDN
- added MediaElement.js Aug 2022 · Video players
- added metisMenu Aug 2022 · JavaScript libraries
- added Microsoft 365 Aug 2022 · Webmail
- added Microsoft Ajax Content Delivery Network Aug 2022 · CDN
- added mod_wsgi Aug 2022 · Web server extensions
- added Oracle Application Server Aug 2022 · Web servers
- added Oracle HTTP Server Aug 2022 · Web servers
- added osTicket Aug 2022 · Issue trackers
- added particles.js Aug 2022 · JavaScript graphics
- added PWA Aug 2022 · Miscellaneous
- added Python Aug 2022 · Programming languages
- added reCAPTCHA Aug 2022 · Security
- added RequireJS Aug 2022 · JavaScript frameworks
- added ShareThis Aug 2022 · Widgets
- added Slider Revolution Aug 2022 · WordPress plugins
- added Snap.svg Aug 2022 · JavaScript libraries
- added Sovrn//Commerce Aug 2022 · Affiliate programs
- added SweetAlert Aug 2022 · JavaScript libraries
- added SweetAlert2 Aug 2022 · JavaScript libraries
- added Swiper Slider Aug 2022 · Miscellaneous
- added The Events Calendar Aug 2022 · WordPress plugins
- added toastr Aug 2022 · JavaScript frameworks
- added Twenty Sixteen Aug 2022 · WordPress themes
- added UIKit Aug 2022 · UI frameworks
- added VideoJS Aug 2022 · Video players
- added WhatsApp Business Chat Aug 2022 · Live chat
- added Yoast SEO Aug 2022 · SEO
- added Zimbra Aug 2022 · Webmail
- dropped ArcGIS API for JavaScript Jul 2022 · Maps
- added metisMenu Jul 2022 · JavaScript libraries
- dropped Lua Jun 2022 · Programming Languages
- dropped OpenResty Jun 2022 · Web Servers
- dropped Raphael Jun 2022 · JavaScript graphics
- dropped Statcounter Jun 2022 · Analytics
- added ArcGIS API for JavaScript May 2022 · Maps
- added Adobe Audience Manager Apr 2022 · Segmentation
- added crypto-js Apr 2022 · JavaScript libraries
- added Popper Apr 2022 · Miscellaneous
- added Tailwind CSS Apr 2022 · UI frameworks
- added VideoJS Apr 2022 · Video players
- dropped Magento Mar 2022 · Ecommerce
- added AccuWeather Feb 2022 · Widgets
- added anime.js Feb 2022 · JavaScript graphics
- added Contact Form 7 Feb 2022 · WordPress plugins
- added Cookie Information Feb 2022 · Cookie compliance
- added Cookie Information plugin Feb 2022 · Cookie compliance
- added DTScout Feb 2022 · Advertising
- added Google Hosted Libraries Feb 2022 · CDN
- added Histats Feb 2022 · Analytics
- added jQuery CDN Feb 2022 · CDN
- added Microsoft Ajax Content Delivery Network Feb 2022 · CDN
- added ShareThis Feb 2022 · Widgets
- added The Events Calendar Feb 2022 · WordPress plugins
- added Twenty Sixteen Feb 2022 · WordPress themes
- added WhatsApp Business Chat Feb 2022 · Live chat
- added Elementor Jan 2022 · Page builders
- added GSAP Jan 2022 · JavaScript frameworks
2021 34 added · 15 dropped · 1 switched
- added Cloudflare Dec 2021 · CDN
- added Cloudflare Bot Management Dec 2021 · Security
- added Slider Revolution Nov 2021 · Miscellaneous
- added Azure Oct 2021 · PaaS
- added Cart Functionality Oct 2021 · Ecommerce
- added cdnjs Oct 2021 · CDN
- dropped WooCommerce Oct 2021 · Ecommerce
- added Yoast SEO Oct 2021 · SEO
- added core-js Sep 2021 · JavaScript libraries
- dropped Duda Sep 2021 · CMS
- added Laravel Sep 2021 · Web frameworks
- dropped MyWebsite Sep 2021 · CMS
- added osTicket Sep 2021 · Issue trackers
- dropped Slider Revolution Sep 2021 · Miscellaneous
- added Wheelio Sep 2021 · Widgets
- added Zimbra Sep 2021 · Webmail
- added CodeIgniter Aug 2021 · Web frameworks
- added 33Across Jul 2021 · Advertising
- added AOS Jul 2021 · JavaScript libraries
- added CKEditor Jul 2021 · Rich text editors
- added Dojo Jul 2021 · JavaScript libraries
- added Duda Jul 2021 · CMS
- added Google Remarketing Tag Jul 2021 · Retargeting
- added Livefyre Jul 2021 · Comment systems
- added MyWebsite Jul 2021 · CMS
- added Statcounter Jul 2021 · Analytics
- added SweetAlert2 Jul 2021 · JavaScript libraries
- dropped VigLink Jul 2021 · Advertising
- added WooCommerce Jul 2021 · Ecommerce
- added Facebook Login Jun 2021 · Social logins
- dropped Google Maps Jun 2021 · Maps
- added Helix Ultimate Jun 2021 · Web frameworks
- added Isotope Jun 2021 · JavaScript libraries
- added Joomla Jun 2021 · CMS
- added Magento Jun 2021 · Ecommerce
- added Sovrn//Commerce Jun 2021 · Affiliate programs
- added Twitter Ads Jun 2021 · Advertising
- added TypeScript Jun 2021 · Programming languages
- dropped Dojo Apr 2021 · JavaScript libraries
- dropped Statcounter Apr 2021 · Analytics
- added VigLink Apr 2021 · Advertising
- dropped CKEditor Mar 2021 · Rich text editors
- added Google Maps Mar 2021 · Maps
- dropped GSAP Mar 2021 · JavaScript frameworks
- dropped Magento Mar 2021 · Ecommerce
- dropped MediaElement.js Mar 2021 · Video players
- dropped Snap.svg Mar 2021 · JavaScript libraries
- dropped SweetAlert2 Mar 2021 · JavaScript libraries
- switched SWFObject Choices Feb 2021 · Miscellaneous
- dropped Microsoft Word Jan 2021 · Editors
2020 5 added · 4 dropped
- dropped Java Servlet Nov 2020 · Web frameworks
- dropped JavaServer Pages Nov 2020 · Web frameworks
- dropped Joomla Oct 2020 · CMS
- dropped MooTools Oct 2020 · JavaScript Frameworks
- added DreamWeaver Aug 2020 · Editors
- added jsDelivr Jul 2020 · CDN
- added SweetAlert Mar 2020 · JavaScript Libraries
- added Lua Jan 2020 · Programming Languages
- added OpenResty Jan 2020 · Web Servers
2019 27 added · 6 dropped · 1 switched
- added Microsoft Word Oct 2019 · Editors
- added particles.js Sep 2019 · JavaScript Graphics
- dropped Dojo Aug 2019 · JavaScript Libraries
- dropped Java Aug 2019 · Programming Languages
- dropped JavaServer Pages Aug 2019 · Web Frameworks
- added Lodash Aug 2019 · JavaScript Libraries
- added mod_wsgi Jun 2019 · Web Server Extensions
- switched GlassFish Nginx Jun 2019 · Web Servers
- added Python Jun 2019 · Programming Languages
- added WordPress Super Cache Jun 2019 · Cache Tools
- dropped Nginx May 2019 · Web Servers
- added CentOS Mar 2019 · Operating Systems
- added DataTables Mar 2019 · JavaScript Libraries
- added DNN Mar 2019 · CMS
- added Dojo Mar 2019 · JavaScript Libraries
- added Facebook Mar 2019 · Widgets
- added FlexSlider Mar 2019 · Widgets
- added GlassFish Mar 2019 · Web Servers
- added Handlebars Mar 2019 · JavaScript Frameworks
- added Java Mar 2019 · Programming Languages
- added JavaServer Pages Mar 2019 · Web Frameworks
- added jQuery Sparklines Mar 2019 · JavaScript Graphics
- added Leaflet Mar 2019 · Maps
- added Lightbox Mar 2019 · JavaScript Libraries
- added Magento Mar 2019 · Ecommerce
- added Slick Mar 2019 · JavaScript Libraries
- added Statcounter Mar 2019 · Analytics
- added SyntaxHighlighter Mar 2019 · Miscellaneous
- added Twitter typeahead.js Mar 2019 · JavaScript Libraries
- added XRegExp Mar 2019 · JavaScript Libraries
- added YouTube Mar 2019 · Video Players
- dropped Chart.js Feb 2019 · JavaScript Graphics
- dropped Java Servlet Feb 2019 · Web Frameworks
- added Nginx Feb 2019 · Web Servers
2018 6 added · 3 dropped
- added DNN Dec 2018 · CMS
- added Java Servlet Dec 2018 · Web Frameworks
- dropped Nginx Dec 2018 · Web Servers
- added Leaflet Oct 2018 · Maps
- dropped YouTube Oct 2018 · Video Players
- added Google Tag Manager Sep 2018 · Tag Managers
- added Nginx Sep 2018 · Web Servers
- added Prism Sep 2018 · Miscellaneous
- dropped Java Jul 2018 · Programming Languages